Стародавнє Причорномор’я. Випуск XIII / Голов. ред. І. В. Нємченко. – Одеса: Одеський національний університет імені І. І. Мечникова, 2021. – 442 с.
Iryna Nemchenko (Odesa). 100th anniversary of Petro Yosypovych Karyshkovskyi (1921–1988)
March 12, 2021 marked the centenary of the birth of Petro Yosypovych Karyshkovskyi – an outstanding scientist and an extraordinary person: a scholar, teacher and poet.
P. Y. Karyshkovskyi made a significant contribution to various branches of historical science. He first was engaged in Byzantine and Slavic studies, later they gave way to ancient numismatics and Greek and Latin epigraphy. P. Y. Karyshkovskyi’s numerous studies on these issues gained worldwide recognition. His studies on the history of the Greek polises of the Northern Black Sea region also contributed to their archaeological research. P. Y. Karyshkovskyi’s encyclopedic diversity and depth of knowledge were especially evident in his pedagogical activity.
Readings in the memory of Professor Petro Yosypovych Karyshkovskyi were started in 1989, at the same time the collection of the conference papers «Ancient Black Sea Region» was firstly published. Since then the conference which has become international, takes place in Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University regularly, with an interval of 2–3 years and always falls on March 12 – the birthday of the eminent scientist.
The article examines influence of the university teachers of Odessa scientist on his way to the studies of antique numismatics. This impact was determined by language training and by ensuring organizational process of P. O. Karyshkovsky’s scientific work. They made it easier and harder at the same time. Only fifteen years after the graduation P.O. Karyshkovsky got possibility to study antique numismatics exclusively. The stages of his scientific activity are represented.
T. Izbash-Gotskan, E. Kolesnichenko (Odesa). Towards the oeuvre of Petro Karyshkovskyi
Serghei Agulnikov (Chișinău). Comrat-XV – the new antique settlement in Boujeac steppe.
Near the town of Comrat, the site of the ancient Comrat-XV (4th century BC) period, associated with either the Scythians or the Greco-Thracian population of the region, has been revealed for the first time. The beginning of the Roman period is represented by a layer from the end of antiquity (the culture of Etulia 4th–3rd centuries AD). In general, as a result of the study, the most characteristic archaeological sites of the Boujeac steppe have been identified. The materials from the early period of Comrat-XV colonization are the most interesting, having to be associated with Greek influence in the northwestern region of the Black Sea.
Keywords: Ialpoug, archeology, prospecting, horizon.
The research deals with the study of the Chornyj Horod (Čornyj Horod). Its name can be interpreted as Black Town (or Black Castle). The author studied the written (act, narrative and cartographic) documents. In the sources of the 15th–16th centuries it had a different spelling: «Сzarnygrad» (1432), «Czarnigrod» (1442), «Czarnygrod» (1469), «Czarnygród» (1469), «Karnygrod» (1472), «Czarnigrod» (1564). The name was mentioned in the yarliks: «Чорныи город» (1507), «Чорныи город»(1513), «Учорънъ город» (1514), «Ѡчов-город» (1517). This settlement cannot be localized from these documents. Archaeological sources are absent. The author considers two main directions in the historiography. The first is related to the localization and identification of Chornyj Horod by various researchers, the second is devoted to the study of possible links between Maurocastro and Chornyj Horod. As a result of the analysis of sources, the author concluded that it was located, probably, on the left bank of the Dniester, near its mouth. Perhaps, it is village Kalagleya (Odesa region) now.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss finds of bronze coins of Bosporan rulers registered in contemporary western Germany. There are seven coins discovered in five localities: Wiebelskirchen (Sauromates I and Thothorses coins), Gross Gerau (Sauromates I coin), Kirchberg (Thothorses and Rhescuporis VI coins), Kirchhain (unidentified coin dated back BC 47 – 3rd cent. AD), Schwabsberg/Buch (Rhescuporis VI coin). It is assumed, that the coins found their way to the Roman province and the so-called great Germania through the Germanic people. However, it cannot be completely ruled out that the coins first found their way to the Roman province and then to the «barbarian» Germania.
Svitlana Bulatovich (Odesa). Colchidki in the collection of Odesa Archaeology Museum
The article deals with 15 samples of silver coins of ancient Colchis – tetrobols II type (5th–3th cc. BC) from Odessa Archaeology Museum collection, represented by following groups : A-B (№ 1-4), G (№ 5-8), D-Z (№ 9-14), K (№ 15).
N. Burdo (Kyiv). 100th anniversary of Marija Gimbutas
M. Videiko (Kyiv). «Usatove wars»: searching for enemy
The settlement of Anetovka 2 has a rich collection of mobile sculptures and other non-utilitarian objects illustrating the spiritual life of the primitive population of the nearglacial steppe in the Granite-steppe Bug region 18–19 thousand years ago. Zoomorphic sculpture of small forms on Anetovka 2 is presented in large quantities. Among them there are sculptures of bison, mammoths, hares, birds, felines, horses, rhinoceros and zoomorphic figurines, which makes it difficult to determine which animal is depicted. Zoomorphic figurines are made of dense clay aggregates, kaolin, ocher, quartz, alluvial pebbles, sandstones, quartz sandstone, talc schist and bone.
The article reveals the figure of Hrushevsky as a researcher of the economic history of Ukraine, in particular the history of trade. The scholar showed the longevity and changes in the Ukrainian trade of the late Middle Ages. His research shows that the Ukrainian economy was a component of the European one, and the Ukrainian market and trade were directed to Europe. The changes that took place due to the policy of the Polish government, had a negative impact on trade volumes, but did not destroy it. Hrushevsky’s works are important sources for further study of the Ukrainian economic history of the late Middle Ages.
The area of the Lower Bug region covers the territory from the Tiligul estuary to the Lower Ingulets, which is now occupied by the Mykolaіv region. Search and research of settlements of the Bronze Age has been going on in this region for about a hundred years. During this period, about a thousand locations, settlements and sites of various cultures of this era were discovered and preliminary surveyed. Stationary excavations have been carried out on dozens of them. In this work, an attempt is made in the form of a short review to show the history and highlight the stages in the study of settlements of the Bronze Age.
I. S. Grebtsova (Odesa). Paintings of the Dutch caravagist Gerrit Van Honthorst in museums of Europe
The article is devoted to the work of Gerrit van Honthorst (1590 – 1656), the Dutch artist of the 17th century. He was one of the leaders of Caravaggism outside Italy, representing so called «Utrecht Caravaggism», and gained fame as a talented author of paintings on biblical subjects, a master of genre art (scenes or events from everyday life), and a portrait painter. The article reveals the location and the content of a number of the artist’s canvases, which are exhibited in museums of Austria, the United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Ukraine, France, as well as identifies and analyzes the stages of his work.
The article is devoted to coverage of experimental research in the Anetivska Paleolithic expedition during the field season in 2020. A series of experiments was carried out and 22 examples of tools with use-wear tresses by wood, bones, lather, quartz and cereals were made as a result. The obtained data will help us to get closer to the answers to some questions about the functional affiliation of certain types of tools Anetivka 2.
During Trajan’s Parthian campaign of 114 – 117 CE several Roman coin series with references to the political and military events in the East were minted. Among the Parthian theme they depicted the creation of the Roman province of Armenia in 114 CE. Plots devoted to Roman actions in Armenia are found in almost all known denominations of coins and they were an integral part of the Roman political communication. As the author proposes, the Emperor and his activity were represented in the coinage as the part of the ideology connected with the «Potestas» of the Rome and the annexation of Armenia served as an important part of this image.
«The Profane Feast» is the earliest amongst Erasmus’ convivia published in the first edition of his «Colloquia Familiaria» (1518). Food is mentioned here on numerous occasions so we can easily reconstruct the menu. It seems not to differ from the usual ration of the late medieval city elite. However, one can grasp how Erasmus shifts the paradigm of a dinner party. Medieval banquet could have several aims: to establish or to confirm the social status of the host, to strengthen the corporate unity, to mark a special occasion (birth, wedding etc.) or just to indulge in heavy drinking and eating. Erasmus in his turn offers a new one: spiritual and intellectual growth of the host and his guest, which results in the greatest pleasure for both of them.
Dmytro Dymydyuk (Lviv). Heavy spearhead from Dvin (10th – 13th cc)
The article analyses the heavy iron spearhead from medieval city Dvin (Armenia). It is a long, wide and flat spearhead in oval form with round socket. The point of the spearhead was partially destroyed. Length of the spearhead – min. 39 cm, wide – 5,5–6 cm, weight – min. 925 g. The length of the socket – 8 cm, diameter – 4–5 cm.
Due to the lack of archeological finds of the weapons from the territory of Armenia this spearhead is of particular interest to us. Thanks to the comparisons with Byzantine and Rus sources we dated spearhead to the 10th–13th cc and proved the idea that this spearhead was used for hunting or by infantrymen against cavalrymen.
Keywords: spearhead, spear, Dvin, Armenia, Byzantium, Rus, Bagratid Armenia.
A. O. Dobroliubskyi (Odesa), I. A. Smirnov (Mykolaiv). «…What khan had in mind here…»?
The article summarizes the available historical and archaeological information about the horde (nomadic rate) of ulusbek Khadzhibey in the middle of the XIV century, before the battle of the river Blue Waters in 1362. It is established that this horde was referred to as «Yabu-town» («Governor’s town»). The main territories of her summer wandering were forest-steppe areas between the Dnieper and Dniester, with the center in the settlement of Torgovytsia. Every autumn the nomadic headquarters of the ulusbek moved to the south for wintering, to the Black Sea coast, to the areas of the Ginestra anchorage, «Khadzhibeyev Lighthouse», and to the Ochakov area.
On the basis of our sources, I assume, that the alliance of Rhodes and of the Seleucid, Antiochus II, during the Second Syrian war was aimed at establishing joint hegemony over the trading ways of the East Mediterranean. For this purpose, the King of the kingdom of Seleucid has tried to establish the control over Thracian Bosporus and Hellespont, and the island republic has tried to distribute the influence on Cyclades. But the hypothetical idea of this trading hegemony has come to fiasco as a result of the vigorous actions of the king of the Hellenistic Egypt, Ptolemy II.
S. V. Ivanova, A. V. Krasnozhon (Odesa). Archaeological search of the Khadzhibey castle.
In December 2020 was completed the archaeological studies in two sites in the northern part of Primorsky Boulevard in Odesa. The goal was to search for the remains of the Khadzhibey castle. The foundations of the castle were not found. But evidence of their closest location to the excavation was obtained. The discovery of bricks (plinth) as remains of some damaged masonry, works in favor of the previously stated version of the possible construction of the Khadzhibey (Kachubiyow) castle in 15th century. Finds of the 13th cent. make it possible to relate much more confidently to the reports of cartographic and chronicle sources about the Ginestra trading post.
The aim of article is the reconstruction of the typical court career late byzantine scholars in the Fifteenth century. The source is satirical dialogue «Mazaris». This text contains the valuable evidence of the life of court byzantine emperor`s favorites.
Scholars were heavily concentrated at the emperor`s court. They were from different social groups and were able to achieve high social status trough exist social mobility in byzantine society. Scholars made to career thanks good education and patronage of emperor. However their success was depend of the ability intellectuals to intrigues and eliminate concurrent. Scholars held honorary and profitable court ranks but they did not participate in the government of the country.
Emzar Kakhidze (Batumi). Historical sources on the fort of Apsarus
The fort of Apsarus is situated in the village of Gonio, on the left bank of the Chorokhi (old Harpasus®Apsarus®Acampsis) estuary, close to the sea, c. 12 km. to the south of the city of Batumi. This Roman period stronghold guarded the entries into the Chorokhi and Adjaristskali gorges, connecting the inner regions of south-western Georgia with the Black Sea littoral.
The history of this fort started since A.D. 77 when Pliny, the Elder noted: «The river Apsarus is at the distance of 140, 000 paces from Trapezus, there being a fort of the same name at its mouth» (NH, VI. 11).
It was also noted by Arrian (PPE, 6), Hippolytus of Rome (Chr. P. II, 247), Procopius (BG, VIII, 2) and several other ancient authors who stressed importance of this stronghold for the control of the north edge of Imperium Romanum.
The paper treats the easternmost microregion of the LPC found recently in the Southern Buh valley. The absolute dating and characteristic finds with known chronological position enable us to state that these sites existed in LIII-LI centuries BCE. It is quite probable that their timespan started around 5200/5150 calBC. The LPC groups reached the easternmost limit of the culture’s expansion quite early in the course of rapid spread of the early farmers and settled the region for at least several generations.
R. O. Kozlenko (Mykolaiv). Coins of the Early Roman Empire in Olbia: the dynamics of income
The article examines the dynamics of the receipt of Roman coins in Olbia in the 1st – mid-3rd centuries AD. Since from the middle of the 2nd to the middle of the 3rd centuries AD a Roman garrison was located within the city, there is reason to believe that the bulk of the Roman coins of this time came to Olbia as a result of the supply of Roman troops. In particular, this is evidenced by the hoard of denarii of the beginning of the 3rd century AD, consisting of 18 coins, and found in a Roman barracks block in the Lower City of Olbia. The peak of the receipt of Roman coins in Olbia increases during the reign of emperor Antoninus Pius and the Severan dynasty. A number of Latin inscriptions from Olbia, which are dated of the same time, testifying to the direct Roman military presence in the city.
Anzhelika Kolesnychenko (Odesa). New Cherniakhiv sites in the Kryve Ozero region.
The article presents three sites of Cherniakhiv culture, which were discovered recently in the otherwise poorly studied region. It encompasses the southern bank of the Southern Buh river. The sites yielded typical surface materials: «textured» wheel-made coarse-ware, grey-clay fine-ware, hand-made pottery, some shards of red-clay fine-ware and amphorae walls. They can be dated to 3rd – 5th cc. AD and fill a «blank space» on the map of Cherniakhiv sites distribution in the Southern Buh valley.
Costin Croitoru (Brăila / Cahul). The Venus pudica Phenomenon (I). ITS beginnings
The author dedicates his contribution to one of the most significant deities in the Greek pantheon, Aphrodite, assimilated into Latin culture under the name of Venus. Her widespread worship in time and space has generated a wide range of representations, mostly immortalizing the sensuality of the goddess of love. By far the most well-known representation and of course the most controversial is the statue made of marble by the famous artist Praxiteles for the temple in Knidos. This artwork currently lost has influenced plastic art for more than 2,000 years, being known as Venus Pudica.
The history of the Avars occupies a special place in the political development of the Western European steppes. At the same time, the small number of peoples who contributed to the political development of Europe in the Early Middle Ages remained as little known as they were, despite the fact that it was the Avars who ruled Central and Eastern Europe for more than two centuries.
The study of military-political relations, in which nomads were involved, is interesting from several points of view. First, the analysis of these processes is necessary to understand the interaction of civilizations: Byzantium during the reign of Justinian against the Avars, where the latter act as a kind of «periphery», and at the same time – gaining strength of the Roman Empire during the reign of Heraclius with a weakened Avar Khaganate termination of the latter.
The article is devoted to the reconstruction of personal relationships between certain Odesa archaeologists on the edge of the 1910s – 1920s. In general terms, the trajectory of these relationships for more than five years can be described as a movement from collegial communication ties to a complete breakdown of relations. In this regard, we will try to answer the question: why did the gap occur? What were its reasons? Naturally, we are talking only about an attempt to reconstruct events on the basis of available historical sources and their interpretation as a possible version of «reading» open for further synthetic research.
The article discusses the content of the publication of the professor of Kharkov University K. P. Paulovich «Abstract, or a summary of diplomatics in general». It described the methods of working with medieval diplomas, the technology for determining their authenticity, some episodes of the political history of Western Europe, Byzantium, foreign Slavic states. Of all the published works of Kharkiv scientists of the first third of the 19th century, «Abstract» by K. P. Paulovich provides the greatest material for the research of the early stage of medieval studies at Kharkov University.
The article covers the activities of the Czech King Vaclav I to protect his country from the Mongol-Tatar invasion in spring 1241. Realizing the importance of the joint action in the fight against the enemy, Vaclav I rushed to the rescue of the Silesian Prince Henry II the Pious who had been defeated before arrival of the Czech army. Then the king tried unsuccessfully to impose a new battle to the enemy. Then Vaclav I repulsed the Mongol-Tatar attack near Kladsk, opposed them under Meissen, but he was unable to protect Moravia from the hostile looting.
Keywords: Czech Kingdom, Vaclav I, Mongol-Tatars.
The aim of the study is the reconstruction of the settlement plan of the Cucuteni A-Trypillia B1 site Sabatynivka I, which was located in the Middle Southern Buh area. The settlement is known for its finds (ceramics, clay figurines, bone tools, flints etc.), but its plans have not been previously published. Archival documents from the excavations in 1930-1940s enable us to propose a tentative reconstruction of the general plan. The result of the research shows the localization of the excavated objects (platforms and pits) and their possible interpretations.
Oleg Lugovyi (Odesa). Maurocastron and Asprocastron revisited. «Black» name for the «White» Castle?
The majority of researches in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Akkerman) history depart from the idea, that Maurocastro (Black Castle) of Italian sources and Greek Asprocastron as well as Latin Album Castrum (both meaning White Castle) were always one and the same settlement at the spot of modern Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. This paper distinguishes different groups of sources familiar with «black» and «white» name of the settlement. Most sources of independent origin knew only the «white» name. At the same time the «black» name in different groups of sources since 1400 is attributed to the opposite eastern side of Dniester. Italian portolan charts are the only group of sources that place (though not consistently) Maurocastro on the western side of Dniester where Bilhorod is situated. This follows that portolan version of placing the Black castle must be considered as habitual for Italian contemporaries but erroneous, while real Black castle was well known since 15th cent. as opposite to the «White» castle or Moncastro. It is also essential that the «white» name of the place for the first time was not introduced by the Byzantine authors but reproduced by them from the oral Pechenegs’ in other words Turkic tradition. Hence the White / Black opposition in the toponymy of the Low Dniester must be traced in the color semantics of the Turkic languages.
The article is devoted to the study of the biography of Roman epic poet Silicus Italicus and translation of his poem. The authors use ancient sources to find out the poet’s biography, reconstruct his sources and give their own version of the translation of an excerpt from the poem «Punika», Book II.
The results of reconnaissance of the territory located near to the park «Dyukovskiy Sad» are published. On the site, which adjoins the park from the south, four prospect trenches were excavated. The cultural layer was not recorded, but fragments of ceramic vessels from the Hellenistic time and the Bronze Age, and flint tools of the Upper Paleolithic Stone Age were found in the prospect trench. These findings suggest that on the southern outskirts of the park there may be a multi-layered settlement that occupied the cape of the western bank of a wide gully. On its opposite bank there was an ancient site Moldavanka. The territory of these archaeological sites was almost completely built up.
This settlement is located on the left bank of the river Moldavanka, a right tributary of the Southern Bug, on the northern outskirts of the village Lozovata Blagoveshchensk district of Kirovograd region. The paper describes the types of fragments of Chernyakhiv ware, including a fragment of the bottom of a stucco vessel of the late Scythians.
Nikolay Nikolaev (Mykolaiv). The “borysthenes” of Olbia: P.O. Karyshkovskij or V.A. Anokhin?
The restoring of the chronology of Olbia for the 4th–1st centuries B.C. and the foundations of prosopography (the synchronization of eponymous catalogue IPE I2 201) make it possible to overcome the alternative in the dating of the «Borysthenes» in favor of P. Karyshkovskij (330–230-10 years B.C.). The chronological model of the coinage of «Borysthenes» by V. Anokhin and other researchers (310–280 also 325–275 or 330–260 years B.C.) is not confirmed.
Alexander Odrin (Kyiv). Greek Eschatia and Agrarian History of Northern Black Sea Coast Polises
Recently, innovative concepts have been developed in many branches of the history of Classical antiquity, including the history of agriculture. V. Hanson, the author of one of such concepts, links the introduction of innovations in agriculture in Ancient Greece with the development of marginal and primarily mountainous lands (eschatia). Conditions for farming there were more difficult than on the plains and required the new agricultural technologies and an intensive usage of slave labour.
A number of regions explored by the Greeks (the Buh River lower region in particular) were characterized by climatic, soil and other natural conditions qualitatively different from those in the metropolis. In this respect, they also can be considered as «marginal» territories. This made the choras of many colonies a kind of potential ground for agricultural innovation.
Sergiy B. Okhotnikov (Odesa). Scientific archaeological societies in Odesa
The Book of Hours from the collection of Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine (Institute of Manuscript, Kyiv) contains among French prayers some small Latin texts in the suffragia. One of them is a prayer to an angel. This two-line poem is the sententia of Reginald of Canterbury. During the latter development, those lines became a significant poem, that was included to the Book of Hours in the 15th century. This study confirms the previous dating of the manuscript – the 14th century. It shows the circle of sources for the texts in the Book of Hours from the collection in Kyiv and establishes some links with other codices.
Various literatures give the names of ancient predecessors of the Lower Danube settlements, such as Achillea, Antiphila, Smornis, Erieni, Tamasidava, etc. The study shows that for present there is no historical and archaeological data to trace and confirm the origin of the cities of the left bank of the Delta region from ancient times. Available materials allow observing the immediate predecessors of the modern towns of Kiliya, Izmail, Reni only from the late Middle Ages and mentioned above antique names are not related to them directly.
On the territory of the Middle Pobuzhye, which includes the west of Kirovograd and the north of Odesa regions, archeologists know several dozen settlements of the Late Bronze Age, most of which belong to the Sabatin culture. Monuments of the Belozersky culture derived from it are relatively rare and are recorded mainly on the right bank of the Southern Bug. The article is dedicated to the newly discovered monument Berezivka III, which is located on the lands of Zavallya united territorial community in Kirovohrad region. Key words: Middle Pobuzhye, Late Bronze Age, Belozersk culture, ceramics, bronze products.
Ya.V. Pylypchuk (Kyiv). State and power in the history of Caucasian Albania
This article is devoted to the social history of Caucasian Albania. Pre-Christian Caucasian Albania was a society with patriarchal relations. Slaveholding did not reach developed forms there. The society of Christian Caucasian Albania had an estate structure. At the head of the state were Azats, on whom the Albanian kings and great Ishkhans relied. A number of official institutions and government positions were borrowed by the Albanians from the Eranshahr of Sassanids and Armenia. The clergy in Caucasian Albania, like in Armenia, occupied a privileged position. Albanian society can be described as feudal.
Keywords: Caucasian Albania, Azats, feudal lords, clergy, patriarchal relations, society.
Tatyana N. Popova (Odesa). Bicillian Studies: names and meanings
The article deals with the problems of institutionalization of Bicillian studies – a new research area in modern humanities; the parameters of cognitive and social institutionalization are indicated; disciplinary parameters of Bicillian studies are analyzed; the question of the role of the name of this scientific field as a marker of the institutional process is emphasized; variants of the scientific status of Bicilliology in the area of humanitarian research are proposed.
A collection of coins found at Huszt castle is significant. By now it consists of two dozens of items. Chronologically it varies from 15th until 17th centuries with an evident domination of Hungarian denominations. The denarii of the17thcentury which were widely spread all over the territory of historical Hungary, dominate among the finds. There are only one milled coins from Poland. A phenomenon of numerous coins from 15th–16th centuries on the territories of Northeastern Hungary is highlighted in numismatic literature. Silvered copper forgery of denarii of Louis II and Ferdinand I represent this group at the Huszt castle.
Eugenia F. Redina, Kateryna S. Savelieva (Odesa). Concerning terracotta rattles from Bosporus
Oksana A. Ruchynska (Kharkiv). Charity of the Olbian elite in the first centuries AD
In the first centuries AD the charity of the Olbian elite and wealthy foreigners became widespread. Honorary decrees testify that the funds of magistrates were also actively used for the needs of the Olbian polis.
During this period, polis benefactors received the official title of euerget (philanthropist), which indicated the emerging of a certain aristocratic group within the Olbian polis. Some of them, who stood at the top of power, achieved the new title of «father of the polis» and a new status in the hierarchy of power, which was due to the contacts of the Olbian elite with the Roman administration.
Oleg Saveliev (Odesa). Fragment of Roman Plastic Lamp from Tyras
Nozzle of red-lacquer lamp found during excavations in Tyras in 2011 is being reported in the article. The remaining fragment enables us to compare it with plastic lamps of the Late Roman period representing a sitting man. The man appears to throw his hands around the bending upwards nozzle-phallus. Some researchers consider it an image of Silenus and place it at 2nd-5th centuries AD; the others think it was representing a character with Negroid face features and symbolizing human vices and refer these lamps to production of Copt craftsmen of the 5th-6th centuries AD.
Such items, in most cases made of bronze, are mainly known in the Danube provinces of Roman Empire.
The context of the find from Tyras enables us to date it as 2nd – 3rd century AD. Probably such lamps were the continuation of a series of items containing grotesque phallic creatures well known in Greco-Roman art.
The article is devoted to the problem of the existence of a linear fortification around the Olvian polis, the basis of which could be an earthen rampart with a ditch 15-16 km long between the Bugsky and Berezansky estuaries (S. Buiskikh and others). The study of cartographic materials and other sources did not confirm this (Sapozhnykov 2021). To clarify the details, the authors of the article made an inspection of the area in 2020, which also did not give a positive result. In the course of further research, it was possible to identify the remnants of the path (A. A. Skalkovsky in 1850 called it the Dear Barbarian) from Olbia to the village of Kamenka (Anchekrak), where R. Kozlenko discovered the remains of a Roman military camp of the second half of the 1st century BC. The road existed from ancient times until the 1930s-1940s, but was developed and actively used in Roman times to deliver limestone stones for the reconstruction and construction of defense and civil structures in Olbia. Thus, the system of defense of this polis in the Roman did not include linear defense lines, but consisted of a powerful fortification of Olbia itself, individual settlements, as well as a number of fortified military camps located along the main highways.
Olbia bronze coin, found in 2020 in the village Rybalche, the Kherson area, is published in the article. A coin is a junior face value of Olbian «asses» series of АРIХ. dated 430 – 420 BC. Authors consider possible variants of historical interpretation of the find. Most likely the coin was lost in the process of commodity-money relations.
А. V. Fedoruk (Chernivtsi) The Battle of Mursa (351) elucidated by ritorical works of Caesar Julian
The Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648) as a important historical event for political and diplomatic and institutional development of Europe is analyzed at the article. The attention paid to the diplomatic tools, national specifics and peculiarities of negotiations on the Congress of European countries. Results of the Congress of Westphalia served as an important stimulus for the further socio-economic, security, political and diplomatic European development. The article deals with the events of the Thirty Years War, fight for national sovereignty and creation of national state, conclusion peace treaty and formation of the new system of the international relations, as well as features of the concept of «congruence» in the theory and practice of diplomacy.
Keywords: foreign policy, diplomacy, institutionalization, congruence, Thirty Years War (1618 – 1648), the Congress of Westphalia, Europe.
The article deals with the aristocratic communities in fourteenth century England. The study is based on the case file of a heraldic dispute between Scrope and Grosvenor. The author focuses on the questions of how both parties chose witnesses, what motives or restrictions influenced them. The witness lists are analyzed in the context of political and social changes in the country. The emphasis is placed on regional and interpersonal relations of witnesses with the main persons involved in the case. First of all, the inclusion of the main characters in affinities of great lords is analyzed.