Starodavne Prychornomoria (Ancient Black Sea Region). XIV
edited by Oleg Lugovyi.
Odesa Mechnikov National university, 2023.
524 p.
BIOHISTORIOGRAPHY AND THE HISTORY OF HISTORICAL STUDY
The material presents an overview of the published reviews of Odesa professor P. Karyshkovsky. Analyzed by quantity; publication editions; selection of peer-reviewed works and their authors; language and city of publication; distribution of reviews by decade: 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s; disciplinary scientific direction; volume of reviews.
Keywords: P. Karyshkovsky, review, auxiliary historical disciplines, numismatics, epigraphy, archaeology, ancient history, ancient cities, northern Pontic.
Halyna Levchenko. Archaeology Publications on Pages «Odesskiy Vestnik» Newspapers (1820s – 1830s)
The article examines the development of archaeology as a science in the south of Ukraine in the first decades of the 19th century. Archaeology publications on the pages of the Odesskiy Vestnik newspaper are used as a source. Before the publication of Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, the newspaper played an important role in popularizing archaeological finds and included their detailed descriptions. Archaeological publications were mainly carried out by I. Blaramberg, O. Stempkovskyi, A. Ashik, D. Kareisha, M. Murzakevych and other authors. The achievements of the first archaeologists testified to the rapid development of archaeology in the Northern Black Sea region. Publications in one of the oldest Odesa newspapers are one of the important sources of studying the development of archaeology in the south of Ukraine.
Keywords: Archaeology, publications, “Odesskiy Vestnik”, southern Ukraine.
The article analyzes the general criteria, structure and progress of the program of the Odesa Society of History and Antiquities on teacher questionnaires. The results of the program were considered and it was established that its result was the archaeological-historical-ethnographic descriptions of individual settlements of the Northern Black Sea region and Pryazovia. Manuscript sources stored in the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadskyi and mostly represented by answers to questionnaires from the territory of Bessarabia are highlighted. Biographical information about the initiator of the program and the author of the survey letter, as well as several performers of the survey, is presented.
Keywords: OTIS, program, questionnaire, archaeological-historical-ethnographic description, settlements, the Black Sea region, Pryazovia, Bessarabia.
Olexandr Y. Muzychko. Fyodor Uspensky activity in Odesa: concerning his scientific school
The article deals with the historical views of the slavist S. M. Kulbakin. They are reflected in the course of lectures «History of the Slavs» (1908) and the essay «Peter Helchitsky – Czech Tolstoy of the 15th century» (1909). In the history of the Slavs, the scientist singled out two periods – respectively, before and after each Slavic group calved from the others, took its historical place and formed into a political and cultural whole. In an essay dedicated to the work of Peter Khelchitsky, the Kharkіv scientist showed not only the features of his worldview, as a spokesman for the ideas of Christian equality and a critic of the state system, class division, serfdom, but also the essence of the Hussite movement.
Keywords: S. M. Kulbakin, Kharkiv University, history, Slavic studies, Hussite movement, Pyotr Khelchitsky.
The article reveals a page from the history of Ukrainian archaeography – the publication of Volodymyr Peretz’s “The Tale of Ihor’s Campaign” in 1926. It was the first medieval project of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. It gave impetus to the creation of a separate Commission of the Ancient Ukrainian Writing, which was supposed to study and publish, in particular, the monuments of Medieval Ukraine. However, the defeat of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences in the early 1930s made the normal further development of archaeography in Ukraine impossible. Thus, the experience of preparing and publishing “The Tale of Ihor’s Campaign” by V. Peretz was never repeated. The article reveals the history of preparing the book for printing, the difficulties that arose during the preparatory work, communication between the employees involved in the publication. The article also provides an archaeographic and sources studies analysis of V. Peretz’s book. The history of preparation and publication of the book is an important page in the overall history of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It shows scientific research, debatable issues, depicts the state of science in occupied Ukraine in the 1920s, the social conditions of work and life of Ukrainian scholars of that time.
Keywords: Volodymyr Peretz, “The Tale of Ihor’s Campaign”, archaeography, medieval studies, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.
The article is devoted to rhythm problems in Bitsilli’s studies and the scientific literature. “Bitsillian Studies” or Bitsilliography have not been research deep enough today yet. The topic of rhythm is among the topics has not fully explored in the many fields of modern science. P.Bitsilli had intellectually influence by great thinkers and famous scientists but he had retained own the originality of thinking. Rhythm as it known is one of the constitutive and organizing factors of life. P. Bitsilli considered rhythm as an integral property of an individual, the creativity and the world in its full diversity. This concept is a subject of study in many disciplines. In the latest literature proposed the concept of the rhythmic paradigm as an optimal way of studying a wide range of problems. A special website RHYTHMOS provides a platform for the discussion about the concept of rhythm. Scientists proposed the rhythmology as a special discipline. It has designed to study the problems of rhythm in wide interdisciplinary field. The core value of “Bitsillian Studies” is interdisciplinary nature of his creation and scientific heritage. P.Bitsilli had not given a complete concept of rhythm in his works, but the scientist’s thoughts are very important for studying the problems of rhythm in modern intellectual space.
Keywords: rhythm, historiography, bitsilliography. rhythmic theory, the RHYTHMOS project, rhythmic paradigm, rhythmology
Andriy O. Nalivayko. Medieval Source Study in Leonid Berkut Researches.
Leonid Mykolayovych Berkut (1879-1940) is an Ukrainian historian, educator, professor, lecturer at the Kyiv, Warsaw and Don Universities, an outstanding researcher of the Western European Middle Ages. He was one of the best intellectuals of his time. A Favorable opportunity to work with sources, constant scientific communication, thorough study of Western historiography – all this gave the Ukrainian scientist the opportunity to creatively approach any topic of his research. Available materials allow us to highlight, in this article, Leonid Berkut’s scientific activity as an excellent expert of Western European historiography and a source of medieval history. The scientist’s interest in historiography is not accidental: he always meticulously found out who wrote to him on the topic of his interest. Therefore, L. Berkut’s scientific works are based on a strong European historiographical tradition…
Keywords: L. Berkut, source studies, Middle Ages, historiography medieval, research, historical literature.
The article is devoted to the background of the Department of History of Antiquity of Odesa Mechnikov University. In the article, the author tries to investigate the emergence of this department at the university in the 1930s: the history of the ancient world, to trace the fate of the professors of these departments and to provide a generalized image of antiquities and medieval studies at the Odessa University at that time. The author comes to the conclusion that these departments were experiencing staff shortages, part of the teachers came from related fields, and the constant staff turnover was due to the circumstances of that time – repressions and ideological oppressions.
Keywords: History of Antiquity, History of University, repressions, ideological pressure.
Kyrylo Stepanian. Concerning Morphology and Typology of Historical Sociocultural Communities
The proposed material aims to identify the liminalities (thresholds and boundaries) of historical communities, which allow for the reconstruction of the morphology of various socio-cultural paradigms, including the current one. Their typology is proposed on the basis of both self-identification and observed equivalent achievements and potentials, with a significant accumulation of convergent features, isomorphic correlations, not reducible to mere manifestations of situational similarity. The article includes a preliminary list of identified micro- and macro-periods with examples of systemic commonalities. Additionally, a model for practical visualization of intercultural connections and relations, whether direct or mediated, in their synchronous and asynchronous aspects, is proposed.
Keywords: socioculture, paradigm, commonality, community, institutions, system of worldview and value coordinates (reference points) and prioritization, identity, integration, legitimation, macro-region, macro-period, ambivalent potential (constructive and destructive).
PREHISTORY AND PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY
Igor V. Pistruil. «Сarenе» Scrapers from the Upper Palaeolithic Site Anetivka II.
«Сarenе» scrapers are characteristic for Upper Palaeolithic sites with Aurignac/Epiaurignac complexes. Similar products (54 items), in due time, were attributed in the collection of Epigravette site Anetivka II as well.
According to the assumption of a number of researchers, «сarenе» scrapers are the evidence of mutual influence or even assimilation between people of Epigravette and Epiaurignac traditions of flint processing in the Steppe Bug area.
The analysis of defined «high-shaped scrapers» from Epigravette site Anetivka II showed that most of these «products» are associated with primary knapping technique and are not related to the Aurignac/Epiaurignac scrapers. A small number of «сarenе» scrapers can be attributed to the Epiaurignac types, although the reasons for their appearance on the site with Epigravette inventory have not been determined completely.
Keywords: North-west Pontic region, Upper Palaeolithic, Anetivka ІІ, flint inventory, «сarenе» scrapers.
In addition to many different items, non-utilitarian items were also found at the settlement of Anetivka 2. Of particular interest are such products of primitive art as zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figurines. Among the anthropomorphic images there are also sculptures that present images that convey the figures of people in their entirety. Among these Palaeolithic «Venus» there are also images of pregnant women. There are three similar sculptures at the settlement made of quartz, alluvial pebbles and dense kaolin clay. All of them are archaeologically intact. All figurines depicting pregnant women are related to accumulation (workplaces) Anetivka 2.
Keywords: Upper Palaeolithic, North-West Black Sea Region, Anetivka 2, mobile plastic, anthropomorphic images.
Dmytro Kiosak. Eight Millennium BCE in Southern Ukraine.
Recently, new series of radiocarbon dates have allowed us to place two notable flint complexes within the eighth millennium BC, namely Melnychna Krucha SU4 and Kamiana Mohyla 1, layer B. The peculiarity of their flint inventory allows us to take a fresh look at earlier known sites with dates of similar age.
M. Toshchev. Mamai-Hora Neolithic Burial Grounds.
The data from two burial grounds exposed by expedition of Zaporizhzhia National University is examined. The exposed burials belong to various groups of Neolithic population in Lower Dnipro river region.
S. Peresunchak. Anthropomorphic Statuette from the Topol Settlement of Trypil
The publication is dedicated to the find of anthropomorphic plasticity, discovered during collecting of lifting materials at the Trypil settlement of the Sabatin type in Topolia, which was located on the Moschene River, a left tributary of the Southern Bug. The material of the BI stage is introduced into the scientific circulation, analogies of which are not common enough in the environment of the Kukuten-Trypillia community in the territory of the Middle Pobuzhia. On the basis of this find, fragments of binocular vessels and dishes of the Kukuten C type, the author concludes that the monument may belong to the transitional stage B I-BII.
Keywords: settlement of the Sabatin type, Trypillia BI stage, Middle Pobuzhia, anthropomorphic plastic, binocular ware.
Nataliia Burdo. Usatove Culture. 100 Years of Field Research
Excavations of mounds and the cultural layer in Usatovе started in 1921 and continued for several decades. The first researchers of Usatovе were M.F. Boltenko and O.F. Lagodovska. They attributed burials and site to the Usatoеv culture, which belonged to the ancient equestrian sheep breeders. Throughout the twentieth century. another complex site of the Usatove culture near Mayaki was discovered and studied/ Also a numerous mounds with Usatove burials were excavated in the steppes between the Danube and the Southern Bug on the territory of the modern states of Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. Discovered materials immeasurably expanded the sources for the study of the Usatovе culture and confirmed the correctness of the some fundamental conclusions of the first researchers.
Keywords: Usatovе culture, Trуpillia culture, cemeteries, mounds
Svitlana V. Ivanova. Social and Chronological Aspects in Archaeology (Budjak Pit Grave Culture).
This paper presents typological division among the portion of Iron Age glass beads unearthed in Central Italy that during the spectroscopic analyses demonstrated high content of copper in the glass matrix. Their typological differences are traceable on the compositional level as well. Such aspects as origin of raw glass and colouring methods are discussed. Results allow to hypothesise circulation of both locally made and imported glass.
Keywords: ancient glass, beads, technology, provenance.
HELLENIC OECUMENE AND ANCIENT WORLD OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION
Vitalii E. Turenko. Images of Friend and Enemy in Archaic Lyrics
Oksana Varian. Nothoi and the Image of an Ideal Citizens in Ancient Athens.
The article examines the possibility of the Athenian illegitimate children achieving civic virtue – arete, which reflected the image of an ideal citizen in the Athenians collective imagination. The author outlined approaches to the definition nothoi in Athens during 6th – 4th centuries BC. The first group was a children born from non-athenian mothers. The second group was a children born to Athenian parents out of wedlock. The article noted that nothoi could be included in the phratry and deme thanks to periods of loyalty to them as well as adoption practice. Temple and gymnasium at Cynosarges ensuered inculturation and paideia of nothoi some periods. In conclusions the author noted, that nothoi could achieve public recognition of their civic virtue, because they had the opportunity to realize the socio-cultural and political components of citizenship in certain periods or in certain cases during the 6th – 4th centuries BC.
Keywords: nothoi, Ancient Athens, 6th – 4th centuries BC, arete, ideal citizens.
V. Odrin. «The Northern Greeks»: an Artificial Term or Historical and Cultural Reality?
The article is devoted to the regional aspect of studying the history of the ancient Greek world.
In 1948, Thomas Dunbabin’s monograph «The Western Greeks» was published. In it, the author considered the Greek apoikias of Southern Italy and Sicily as a certain unity in economic and cultural aspects. The term «The Western Greeks» has become commonly used. Did the apoikias of other regions of the Greek world, including the Black Sea basin, constitute such a unity?
In 1986, Benjamin Isaac proposed the term «The Northern Greeks» for the inhabitants of apoikias of the northeastern part of the Greek world. The growing source base makes the study of cultural, economic and political relations between the “northern” Greeks promising.
Keywords: Ancient Greece, colonisation, The Northern Greeks, The Western Greeks, Black Sea region
Olena Orlyk, Stefaniia Demchuk. The Cult of Demeter in the Greek Poleis of the Northern Black Sea
The article analyses coins with the image of Demeter, namely: cast asses, early silver, and gold coins with the image of Demeter, and coins with the image of Demeter in the mural crown in the Northern Black Sea region (Olbia) in the 5th-4th centuries B.C. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the research consist of a combination of general scientific, historical, iconographic .and numismatic research methods. Scientific novelty. The authors note that Olbia was the first among the city-states of the Northern Black Sea region to start producing coins with the image of the Demeter goddess and investigates the connection between the periods of the city’s development and the iconography of the coins. The main results of the study. Taking into consideration the significant number of coins with the image of Demeter in Olbia, we can assert that the cult of Demeter in coinage is most widely manifested in Olbia among the city-states of the Northern Black Sea region. In our opinion, this veneration of the goddess is not only due to the connection of Olbiopolites with their metropolis, but also connected with economic prerequisites. When the life of the Greeks became more measured, agricultural processes improved, it was then that the Greeks felt the need for the patronage of Demeter. Each type of these coins characterizes certain periods of development of the city-state and has its own inherent characteristics. The series of coins with Demeter in the mural crown, which synergistically features the image of Demeter and an archer protecting the city is a striking confirmation of this thesis.
Keywords: Demeter, Olbia, coins with Demeter.
T.L. Samoilova. The Main Stages of Economic Development of Ophiussa-Tyra.
There are 5 main stages in the economic development of Ophiussa-Tyra in the period from the end of the 5th century B.C. to the end of the 4th century A.D. Autarkeia in the modern sense was not ideal for the economic development of the polis. The agricultural district of Ophiussa-Tyra have poor development. But this polis became the dominant centre of the region, because this polis had economic contacts with the barbarian tribes. The model of economic development was based on intermediary trade between the ancient world and the barbarian tribes.
Keywords: economic model, autarkeia, main directions of economics.
The proposed article addresses issues related to the functioning of the Temenos Boristhenes in the 6th and the 5th centuries BC. Temenos Borysthenes with the temples of Aphrodite and Hermes at that time performed not only domestic polis functions, but was also a place of pilgrimage for the arrived sailors and merchants heading to the Olbian policy. The same functions on the path from the Mediterranean and Egeids were performed by the churches of the Cybele in Kizik, Zeus Urian at the entrance to the Pontus from the Propontid and the Sanctuary of Achilles on Levka. Stops at these temples contributed to the development of transit trade along the route of trading ships from Ionia to the Northern Black Sea region and vice versa.
Keywords: Olbia, Borysthenes, temenos, temple, sanctuary, altar.
Mykola I. Nikolaev. Chronological Basis of the History of Olbia 4th-1st century BC
Fifteen years ago for the first time a synchronization of the eponymous catalogue of Olbia was performed. Construction of the chronological basis of the history of Olbia 4th-1st centuries BC is possible with the use of system analysis and mathematical modelling. Some results of the practical implementation of this direction are considered.
Keywords: Olbia, history, chronology, epigraphy, philology, system analysis
Valentyna Papanova. Bronze Objects from Suburban Estates of Olbia
The article introduces to the scientific circulation bronze objects excavated at the suburban estates. They are introduced with economic and household items such as nails, needles, key and part of the lock, kiaf and strainer, overlays, plates, rods, strigil, stylus.
The bronze objects are representative of the reconstruction of the economy, social status and everyday life of the population of these two suburban Olbio’s manors.
Keywords: suburban estates, bronze objects, nails, overlays, strigil, stylus, Olbia.
Andrii L. Zelinskyi. The dating of the visit the Ptolemaic naval squadron to Bosporan Kingdom
The image of Isis ship on the graffiti from the port Nymphaion is evidence of the vizit the ptolemaic naval squadron to Bosporan Kingdom. The combining this image with the evidence of Apollonius of Aphrodisias about the defeat of the ptolemaic naval landing on the coast of Pontic Kingdom (Steph. Bys. Ankyra) allows me to date the mentioned visit to first half of 260s BC.
Keywords: Isis ship, Bosporan Kingdom, Pontic Kingdom, Ptolemy II, Ptolemy son of Lysimachus
Some interesting anomalies were recorded during a ground-penetrating radar survey near the Tower No. 16 on the territory of Akkerman Fortress, after which the excavation, comprising 200 m2 started.
A Turkish room of the 17th century, which has a stove, is almost entirely studied. Premises used for housekeeping purposes being a part of the Turkish barracks of the 18th century were found. The discovery of the Roman era buildings confirms that this area was developed during the Roman time.
The archaeological materials, found near the fortress wall at the level reached by now, belong exclusively to the Ancient era. There is a high probability that the medieval defensive wall in this section of Akkerman Fortress was built in the place of the ancient one.
Keywords: Tyras, Bilhorod, medieval, Roman time, excavations, ground-penetrating radar, fortification
PAX ROMANA
Written and numismatic sources contain a fairly significant array of information to highlight the hydrogeography of various regions of the Roman province of Asia. Because Troad and Mysia were located in the area of crossings and contacts of various kinds, the rivers of the region were extremely important as transport corridors inland. From the beginning of Greek navigation, this region was part of the zone of cultural interaction. Unlike other regions of Asia Minor, key battles of antiquity took place in the basin of the Granikos, Rhyndakos and Scamander rivers, which made them important objects for the formation of the cultural memory of the inhabitants of the province. Coin finds are very important for studying the personification of river gods and changes in the mythological outlook of the population of Greek cities under Roman rule
Keywords: roman province Asia, Illiad, Granikos, Rhyndakos, Scamander
A. Kuminova. Image of India in the «Florida» of Apuleius: Historiography of the Problem
As the title implies the article describes the image of India in the Florida of Apuleius. The paper looks at recent research dealing with the work of Apuleius.
The article reveals the specifics of the influence of the ancient tradition of depicting India on Apuleius. Particular attention is given to the image of the gymnosophists.
This study advances our understanding of the image of the barbarian in antiquity and the work of Apuleius. The article is of interest to historians, philosophers, literary critics.
Keywords: Apuleius, Florida, Image of India, Gymnosophists.
B. Beregovyi. Cyprian of Carthage and the Question of Women in the Early Roman Church
Theses examine the question of the status of women in the early Christian church. The author analyzes the attitude towards women through the prism of Roman legislation and the participation of women in the religious sphere of the Ancient Rome, comparing it with the status of women in the ante-Nicene church. Author explains the institutions of virgins and widows, which were phenomena of early Christianity. In these theses author makes a detailed review of the treatise of Cyprian, bishop of Carthage in the context of women’s studies. The researcher proves why Cyprian’s pieces of advice to women is a synthesis of the new Christian and traditional ancient Roman worldview.
This article analyzes a long sword from burial ground of the Cherniakhiv culture near the village Oselivka, which, according to all the considered structural and morphological parameters and the microstructure of the alloy of metals, corresponds to the features of the Roman Spatha – the «Pompeii» type. It is indicated that according to the chronology of this blade, based on the existing analogies of finds in the territory of the Eastern European Barbaricum, it can be roughly dated to the middle – the third quarter of the 3th century AD, that is, the apogee and final stage of the «Scythian Wars» on the Lower Danube. It is noted that the studied Roman Spatha was found in a twisted state, characteristic of the ritual of the carriers of the Przeworsk culture, so its owner could have been a Vandal warrior.
Keywords: Cherniakhiv culture, long sword, Oselivka, Eastern European Barbaricum, 3th century AD, «Scythian Wars», Roman Empire.
Olena Shevchenko. Residence of Children’s History on the Application of the Nomad Sarmatians
The article is devoted to the problems of the study of children’s burials among the Sarmatians, which are faced by modern Sarmatologists of Eastern Europe. The difficulty of researching the mentioned source is evidenced by the small number of individual works devoted specifically to children’s burials. Among the most significant difficulties, it is worth highlighting the transfer of modern attitudes towards children to the corresponding reconstructions of the lives of ancient people. Anthropologists without genetic determination are mostly unable to determine with certainty the sex of a buried child. The age of the deceased child is determined conditionally. In most cases, it is quite difficult to determine the cause of a child’s death. Archaeologists also have doubts about the representativeness of children’s skeletons in certain burial grounds. Did the Sarmatians bury their children together with adults, or somewhere separately. With whom the children were buried, with their parents or relatives. Special genetic studies can answer all these questions, but they are quite expensive.
Keywords: Sarmatians, children, gender determination, causes of death, gender socialization.
NUMISMATICS AND SPHRAGISTICS
The article is devoted to the new finds of ancient coins in the fence surrounding villages of Rybalche, Holopristanskyi district of the Kherson area. The sanctuary and Altars of Mother of God, Hercules and Borysthenes, which existence is testified by ancient authors and epigraphic sources, are mentioned. The attention is focused on the significance of the legendary area of the Gileya, both for the Greeks of the Lower Buh region and for the barbaric tribes in the ancient era.
Keywords: Olbia, chora, coin, Rybalche, Salt Lake Odjigol, Gyleya.
Jarosław Bodzek, Barbara Zając. Olbian Coins Struck in the 1st century AD Found in Central Europe
Among the finds of provincial coins in the area of the Central European Barbaricum, a number of items that were struck in mints located on the northern shores of the Black Sea can be distinguished. In various studies, attention was primarily focused on the coins of the Bosporan Kingdom, which represent the lion’s share of the material recorded. To date, only two of the coins discovered, namely from Gorlice-Glinik Mariampolski (Poland) and Brno Slatina (Czechia), were minted in Olbia, probably in the 1st century AD. It is likely that they reached the present territory of Poland and the Czechia from the east via contact with either the Sarmatians or the Goths. However, the influx of this type of coin from the south or south-east should also not be ruled out at this stage.
Keywords: Coin Finds, Olbian mint, Roman Period, Black Sea, Przeworsk Culture, Puchov Culture, Quadi.
The article deals with three fantasy forgeries from the collection of the Odesa Archaeological Museum, which imitate the types of ancient coins. Their common features are distorted images and legends that prevent establishing their exact prototype, and the images of a pig and piglets on the reverse. The first forgery is a medallion with the image of two confronting heads on the obverse, which could probably be attributed to the so called Paduans. The other two forgery coins bear an image of a crowned person and the inscription ΒΑΣΙΛΕΑ ΣΕΛΒΥΚΟΥ on the obverse, which is a barbarized version of ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΣΕΛΕΥΚΟΥ (king Seleucus). These coins probably date to the 19th – early 20th centuries.
Keywords: fantasy forgeries, «magic coins», Paduan forgeries after Giovanni Cavino.
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
Oleg M. Lugovyi. Turris of Procopius of Caesarea and Tyras in the 6th cent.
Turris is the ruined city only once mentioned by Procopius of Caesarea and located somewhere to the North pf Danube. Article gives a review of the main hypotheses about its’ precise location. It also provides the analysis of pro and contra concerning Turris identification with ancient Tyras. It is well founded that any arguments contra such identification are not decisive and Tyras could hold its position of one of the most possible Turris location.
Keywords: Turris, Tyras, Roman Danube Limes, Antes, polis.
With the death of emperor Justinian I in 565, the Avars, who had previously been federates of the Romans, made regular attempts to get rid of the political supremacy of the Byzantine Empire. The provocations of the emperors Justin II and Tiberius II by Avar Khan Bayan I led to wars in 568–570, 578–580, and 581–582 between the Avar Khaganate and the Byzantine Empire. At this time, the nomads demonstrated significant military potential, breaking through the Empire’s defences on the Danube. At the same time, the Roman emperors could not give the Avars a worthy answer and bought them off with a coin.
During this period, the East Roman Empire, burdened by constant wars on the borders, plunges into an internal political crisis, which culminates in a revolt of the troops directed against the Avars and the death of the emperor Maurice at the hands of the rebels.
The article analyzes the military and diplomatic relations between the Avar Khaganate and the Byzantine Empire during the 80s of the 6th cent. — the beginning of the 7th cent. The main focus is on the background and course of the war with the Avars of Emperor Maurice (582–602).
Author outlines the perspective of the study of manufacture peculiarities and use of the main and the most important building materials in the process of temple architecture — plinphos (bricks), lime mortar and building stones. Territorial and chronological framework — the Byzantine Empire of the middle and late periods.
Keywords: Byzantium, temple construction, plinphos, lime solution
Dmytro Dymydyuk. Javelins in Bagratid Armenia (end of the 9th – middle of the 11th c.).
One of the most popular melee weapons in the Middle Ages was a javelin, which consisted of a wooden shaft with a metal spearhead. Javelin was relatively widely available thanking the fact that it was easy to use, not heavy, and cheap to make.
It has been suggested that Medieval Armenian chroniclers used at least 4 terms, which could mean javelin or short spear: “ռումբ/ռումպ” (rumb/rump), “աշտե” (ashte), “տեգ/տէգ” (teg) та “ճոճ/ճօճ նիզակ” (choch nizak). It is worth noting that in that time there was little difference between javelin and short spear because both could be used as melee or throwing weapons.
The criteria for distinguishing arrowheads, javelin heads, and spearheads were established. Thanks to the analysis of archeological material, we managed to identify three flat in-section leaf-shaped javelin heads from the Dvin (9th–13th cent.). The idea of the use of javelin heads with two barbs has been confirmed thanks to the analysis of that time’s Armenian iconography.
Keywords: Bagratid Armenia, spear, javelin, Armenia, spearheads, weapons, Byzantium.
Oleksandr B. Holovko. Bruno of Querfurt evidence of his voyage to Eastern Europe (1008).
Nogai was the main person in power in the North Black Sea region of second half of the 13th century, so studying his policies is an important component for reconstructing the historical process in these territories. And one of the first questions for the researcher is the question of Nogai’s arrival on the territory of the Pontic Steppe. The thesis of the appearance of Nogai associated with the Tatar campaign against Byzantium in 1265 is widespread in historiography.
This issue remains controversial to this day in historical literature. The article verifies and analyzes sources related to this event and a part of historiography. The result of the study was the conclusion that the sources do not indicate any involvement of Nogai in the events in Byzantium in 1265, although a large number of scientific works by modern researchers claim the opposite. Also, a large number of studies on this topic have a lot of erroneous references and conclusions, which misleads the scientific community. It is recommended to mobilize efforts to check the historiography on this topic and on broader topics for the presence of false statements, fake references, and outright lies.
Ihor Likhtei. More on the Coronation of the Czech Ruler Przemysl Otakar II in 1261.
The article highlights the conditions and clears up the reasons connected with the postponement of the royal coronation of the Czech ruler Przemysl Otakar II. He ascended the Czech throne in the fall of 1253, but the rite of his coronation was performed in December 1261. Among the reasons for such a delay was the excommunication from the church due to a conflict with the Apostolic See of the Archbishop of Mainz, who was supposed to crown the Czech ruler, as well as Przemysl Otakar’s desire to divorce Margareta Babenberg. In addition, the young Czech ruler was active in the international arena, paid considerable attention to the consolidation of the monarch’s power as opposed to strengthening the position of the nobility, and was concerned with the country’s economic rise.
Keywords: Czech Kingdom, Przemysl Otakar II, Margareta Babenberg, Bela IV, Archbishop of Mainz, Austria, Styria
Andrii O. Dobroliubskyi. «The taste of decay».
The article discusses the “not too enviable position” of the Khadzhibey Horde during epidemics, epizootics and famine in the second half of the 14th – 15th centuries.
Keywords: plague, pandemic, famine, Kachibey, Petrarch, Ovid
Vladyslav Hulevych. Concerning the emergence and the purpose of Carawl castrum.
Yaroslav Pylypchuk. Fall of the Hungarian kingdom. Hungary under Jagiellon rule (1490-1526)
This article is devoted to the history of the fall of the Hungarian kingdom. The prerequisites for the catastrophe of the Hungarian kingdom were laid during the reign of Ulaslo II. It was at this time that several annual decisions were made, among which was the disbandment of the regular army and giving priority to the nobles in the administration of the state. The real master in the kingdom was not the king, as in the times of Matthias Corvinus Hunyadi, but several influential barons who appointed their proteges to key positions. Under Ulaslo II, Hungary actually turned into a noble republic. Using their power, the Hungarian nobles significantly limited the king’s income. On the southern borders, Hungary was able to resist the Turks. Having received the throne in 1516, Lajos II received a complex inheritance. Istvan Bathory and Janos Zapolyai were the de facto masters of the kingdom. The reign of Lajos II was a time of deep financial crisis and paralysis of state. Only in 1526 was the political crisis overcome. The Turks captured several key fortresses in the south of the kingdom in the period 1521-1524. The defeat at Mohács in 1526 was not the end of the Hungarian kingdom, but since then Hungary has not had a single king. The period 1526-1538 was a time of struggle for the Jagiellonian succession, as a result of which Hungary was divided between Ferdinand Habsburg and Janos Zapoljai. The Ottomans liquidated Hungary as a state in 1541, and the widow of Janos Zapoljai, Isabella Jagiellon, received under her authority the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, which soon transformed into the Principality of Transylvania.
Keywords: Hungary, nobles, Jagiellons, Ulaslo II, Lajos II, Isabella Jagiellon, Janos Zapolyai, Ottoman Empire.
B. Fedchuk. Image of the Crimean Khanate in British Consciousness in 16th-18th centuries.
The article analyzes image evolution of the Crimean Khanate in British consciousness from 1588 to 1806. In a period between the first mention of Tatars in English sources and the end of discussion about possibility of the Crimean Khanate restoration. The scientific novelty of the research lies in determining the Crimean Khanate image evolution in British publicistic discourse, finding out the role of Tatars in the United Kingdom foreign policy and determining Crimean mythologems in British consciousness.
Keywords: Crimean Khanate, Great Britain, Eastern policy, mythologem, political vision
WESTERN EUROPE IN THE MIDDLE AGES
The paper discusses the historiographic concept that suggested the Irish (Scots) were descendants of the Scythians. This idea emerged during the Middle Ages to establish the noble and ancient ancestry of the Irish people. However, later it was employed to criticize Irish culture and depict it as barbaric. This case clearly demonstrates that historical myths can easily be turned against those who created them.
Keywords: Ireland, Scythia, Fénius Farsaid, historiography, myth, Edmund Spenser.
Vorotniak, M. Danyliv. Motivation Origin of Viking Crusades: Discourse of Scandinavian Sources.
The authors of the article study the problem of the motivation of the Viking crusades through the prism of Scandinavian sources. The analysis of their content indicates that in the middle of the 1st millennium AD a specific socio-cultural situation was shaped in which the military constituent became a defining dominant. The Normans were convinced, that due to travel they could gain fame, wealth, gifts and, accordingly, raise their social status and, eventually, gain power.
The above-said circumstances should be considered not only as reasons, but as well as the prerequisites that determined the phenomenon known in modern historical science as “Viking Crusades”.
Keywords: medieval Scandinavia, Eddic poems, Icelandic sagas, runic inscriptions, Viking crusades.
Charity, almsgiving, and poor relief are an integral part of medieval Canon Law, introduced as moral obligations for every Christian rather than solutions to poverty. Because of these salvific purposes of the charity, a complex system of requirements was created to ensure a final award on Heavens for benefactors. In this article, I analyze Decretum Gratiani, a famous canonical treatise of the period, for the rightful intentions of almsmen and a ‘good’ source of charity as a part of the requirements for ‘proper’ almsgiving. Building his narrative on the Church Fathers and biblical examples, Gratian sets a theoretical but essential framework for the next generations of canonists, who would work with more practical solutions on charity and poor relief in the Medieval Church.
Keywords: Medieval Canon Law, Gratian, Augustine, charity, poor relief, almsgiving.
Vadym V. Chepizhenko. Joan de Mohun: a respectable widow and a smart entrepreneur
The article is a case study in which the biography of the 14th-century English noblewoman Joan de Mohun was reconstructed. Her life illustrates the roles that a medieval noblewoman could play; the importance of jointure for the development of the early English land market is shown. Joan de Mohun is presented as the embodiment of a new type of late medieval English aristocrat, combining traditional and modern forms of economic activity and career growth.
WESTERN EUROPE IN EARLY MODERN PERIOD
The article analyzes the theoretical foundations and tasks of historical communicology, communication problems in historical literature. The main attention is paid to the clarification of the communicative culture and culture of communication in Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The objective of this research is to analyze the foreign policy, political and diplomatic experience of Europe both as an outstanding historical occasion for the political, diplomatic and institutional development of Europe and as the formation of its system of international relations in the Middle Ages and early Modern Period. Particular attention is paid to the institutional development of communication, diplomatic tools, negotiations, protocol standards, etiquette and ceremonial of the key European countries.
Keywords: foreign policy, diplomacy, negotiations, history of diplomacy, institutionalization, mental attitudes, historical communicology, communication, diplomatic practice, Europe.
The paper examines the problem of transformation of relations between the state and church and its result on the basis of previous historiographical research with a wide involvement of sources. The author regards the early English Reformation as political act of Henry VIII. In general the problem of new ideological model of the state and cannon law was studied in the context of comparison with continental protestant ideological models of the state and cannon law and with catholic ones.
Keywords: transformation, political act, national monarchy, cannon law, «unfinished» Reformation.
Stefaniia Demchuk. The “Modern” in the Netherlandish Culture of the First Half of the 16th century
The modern («moderne») and new («nyeuwe») coexisted in the Netherlandish culture of the first half of the 16th century. We often come across new fashions, books, art or even teaching in the various texts. If the Northern humanists like Sebastian Brant or Erasmus of Rotterdam made fun of or even condemned the “new fashions” whether it concerned clothing or theological treatises, in the book printing business stating the novelty became a part of the marketing strategy, which hinted at the attractiveness of everything new to the early modern urban audience. As we can see from “The New Cookbook” edited by Gheraert Vorselman, the adjective “new” in the title did not necessarily mean something completely innovative, but rather a smart combination of well-known material (recipes) with extensive borrowings from the foreign (Italian) sources.
Keywords: modernity, novelty, early modern period, the Netherlands, Humanism, cookbooks.
Olha S. Ivchenko. Political Origins of the Constitutional Royalism Ideology
Iryna Nemchenko. The Apology of Rebellion in Algernon Sidney’s Political Work.
The article is devoted to the political ideas of Algernon Sidney, particularly to his views on rebellion. In Sidneyʼs «Discourses concerning Government» some kind of evolution of his attitude towards rebellion (sedition, tumult, etc) may be noticed. His thought moved from the traditional disapproval of rebellion as such to the apology of rebellion aimed against arbitrary power, or tyranny. It is noteworthy that Algernon Sidney not only condemned tyranny as evil for the nation, but emphasized rebellion as a just method of struggle against arbitrary power.
The article examines the work of the outstanding masters of painting Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525/1530–1569) and Jacob Jordaens (1593–1678), where the national Flemish subjects are most fully realized.
Bruegel even received the nickname “Peasant” for his love for depicting the everyday life of the Flemish peasantry. The article considers three of his paintings, which in some way are an encyclopaedia of life in the southern Netherlands of the 16th century. The work of Jordaens also closely related to the traditions and beliefs of Flanders. Among his favourite subjects was the national “Feast of the Bean King”.
Unlike many other artists of that time, both painters strove to move away from the then widespread religious and ancient subjects and turn to the rich folk culture of Flanders, its way of life, legends, and proverbs. On that basis, they managed to create highly artistic works, which are now the pearls of the world’s museums.
Keywords: Flanders, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Jacob Jordaens, painting, national subjects.
Pavlo M. Totskyi. Varennes 1791: Constitutional Crisis or the Lessons of Moral?